So glowies are trying to convince me that THIS is a real viable animal?

You know, something deep inside me tells me that this kind of creature could not even walk (as well as catch fish with its lipped jaws). As well as there is no any evolutionary sense in such useless forelimbs turned inside out.
Evolution is the process of sifting out in a stream of random mutations those that make the organism fitter and give it an advantage over the rest. A creature with SUCH mutations would simply died, as it could neither walk, nor hunt, nor even use its forelimbs.
So, I'm more inclined to think that modern "paleontologists" simply have low IQ as a result of negative selection over the past two decades.

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  1. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    >spinosaurus
    >lips
    lips on spinosaurus is fricking dumb and paleoschizos keep injecting their bullshit """science""" to trying to justify it
    I wouldn't ever do lips on spinosaurus especially

  2. 2 years ago
    Anonymous
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    Anonymous
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    Anonymous
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    Anonymous
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    Anonymous
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    Anonymous
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    Anonymous
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    Anonymous
  10. 2 years ago
    Anonymous
  11. 2 years ago
    Anonymous
  12. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    The dinosaurs you want not only exist, but they're still around. You don't need Jurassic Park to be real in order for your dreams to come true. They always were. No glowie can put lips or feathers on these.

  13. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    The arms and legs keep getting smaller

  14. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Nowadays it must have more fethers than a pillow to be "scientifically accurate". Doesn't matter if a specific creature had no evidence feathers. It must have feathers because something distantly related did.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      the tide is turning, nature is healing

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Why are israelites so obsessed with making everybody believe dinosaurs had feathers?

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Dinosaurs like T-Rex and velociraptor are often a small child's first "masculine" role models. They want to take them away and essentially "feminize" them to better shape culture to their whims.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Yeah if it werent for t-rex I would not be the straight man with a beautiful wife i am today. I can’t imagine a single day without her soft fur or cute awoos.

          Feather homosexualry will deny an entire generation happiness.

  15. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    I thought glowies were people who insist that if I'm not doing anything bad I need to generate a continuous stream of exculpatory evidence through my devices to prove it.

  16. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Wouldn't their teeth rot out of their skull if not in a salivated mouth? Crocs live in and around water. Therapods, with few exceptions, most likely did not.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Don't even know.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Wouldn't their teeth rot out of their skull if not in a salivated mouth? Crocs live in and around water. Therapods, with few exceptions, most likely did not.

        That's why some people tried putting jowls on sabertooths.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          holy shit that's fricking moronic

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          BWAHAHAHAHHA

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Are they unaware of elephants??

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            Elephants never count for some reason.

            https://i.imgur.com/MG5zjR7.png

            The arms and legs keep getting smaller

            Yeah the new Spino is full moron.

            https://i.imgur.com/LwFYQeS.jpg

            The dinosaurs you want not only exist, but they're still around. You don't need Jurassic Park to be real in order for your dreams to come true. They always were. No glowie can put lips or feathers on these.

            Pseudosuchians are a different branch of archosaurs. Dinosaurs are on another branch entirely.

            https://i.imgur.com/rTOy3Ii.jpg

            I'm nearly convinced at this point raptors had scaly hides. Every single feathered reconstruction I've seen looks fricking moronic and there doesn't appear to be anything wrong with the scaled ones.

            https://i.imgur.com/xkzKs5K.jpg

            Look at these two. Look at how the scaled raptor looks like a dinosaur, but the feathered shit triggers red flags in your brain that tells you it doesn't look right. Instinct exists for a reason. Paleopsueds have tried to convince everyone to distrust their "lying eyes" because they're a cult that just wants you to accept their doctrine.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >Paleopseuds will unironically defend this very obvious nonsense

          Why are israelites so obsessed with making everybody believe dinosaurs had feathers?

          Contrarianism. The younger generations of paleontologists are all rebellious homosexuals. They sincerely believe that they must latch onto the most farfetched idea because it makes them super-experts in the know. It's literally the same mentality as people that go into college normal and come out Xirs.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Perhaps.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Maybe. (Or maybe glowies are just low iq / terminally ignorant).

  17. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Anything you can imagine can be viable, but dinosaurs being on earth millions of years ago is a subversive larp to hide things from humanity.

  18. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    >glowie
    either have a nice day already or keep it in your echo chamber

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Just report his posts for the low quality spam they are. These threads are just so a brain damaged moron can argue with himself.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        I would bet on this moron being the bigfoot shill and the lemur fricker

  19. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    OP is a fat brown American (probably a latinx) who watched Jurassic Park as a kid and then got massively asspained when he read a book which told him that it was inaccurate.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Latinx isn't a thing, you ugly israeli twitter prostitute.

      >iguana
      The're not even remotely comarable.
      [...]
      >far fetched excuses
      Seethe.

      >The're not even remotely comarable.
      The point is, this is a common reptilian trait. It has no bearing on what the lips look like. It just means they're reptiles.

      not him but the bird wing on theropods that aren't raptors is moronic

      Seems pretty moronic on raptors too tbh.

      >not him but the bird wing on theropods that aren't raptors is moronic
      sure would be if we didn't have the marks on the wrist and hand bones showing what angle they joined at.

      [...]
      I like to keep it clear and easy to read for the stupid people.

      You fricking idiot. You think you're write about this while you morons are putting theropod hands on backwards.

      >with untold amounts of fossilized tissue being scraped off and discarded throughout the decades
      wasn't there some rumor not too long ago that the carnotaurus specimen had facial soft tissue removed during rushed preparation?

      >wasn't there some rumor not too long ago that the carnotaurus specimen had facial soft tissue removed during rushed preparation?
      it's not a rumor, but yes.

      Oh shit. Details?

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Schizo meltdown

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >you morons are putting theropod hands on backwards.
        not really possible, they only go on one way.
        Even your fighting dinos pic that you love to post has them on that direction. Just extended because the raptor was pulling the ceratopsian down hard.
        >Oh shit. Details?
        I think you can find it on the wiki

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          That's nonsense. If you were to reconstruct crocodilian hands "intuitively", you'd be doing that wrong too because they're palms are perpendicular to their radius and ulna.

          >Even your fighting dinos pic that you love to post has them on that direction.
          Once again, not me.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >looking at joint facets to tell how the bones connected is "intuitive"
            literal moron

            >Once again, not me.
            your multiple personalities don't count, moron.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >Latinx isn't a thing, you ugly israeli twitter prostitute.
        Yup, you're a latinx.

  20. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    I personally think this is a really good representation of what Proterosuchid lips looked like. Kind of like if a lizard shit out an alligator, which is pretty much what happened.

  21. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    So is this thread what happens when you bring Jurassic Park to the psych ward for movie night?

  22. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Saw this graphic on some new braincase study speculating T. rex's cognitive capacity could have been somewhere between chimp and baboon.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >could have been somewhere between chimp and baboon.
      Reminds me of

      Oops never finished that sentence.

      The "Never stop making the same mistakes" part is the kind of shit like claiming "dinosaurs can't X" or "this is the largest Y" and then a bigger one is found. Paleontologists are always trying to tell dinosaurs what they can and can't do.

      [...]
      Your lack of ability to recognize patterns is not the fault of science. It is a personal failing on your part. Nobody forced you to ignore comparative anatomy and your susceptibility to public schools drilling any critical reasoning skill out of you is your own god damned fault for being a genetically inferior specimen.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      How do you even calculate this for an extinct animal

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        extrapolating extrapolations based on how forebrain neuron count scales with size for its close relatives i guess?

        but remember bears have larger brains but the cognitive capacity of a housecat (less than 1/2 a small dog), theoretically to burn fewer calories. which really puts the effects of cognitive capacity below threshholds (the maturation of certain skills) into perspective. should not bears be smarter than large canines with densely packed brains, given their relation? guess not. however the neurons they have are geared towards activities relevant to their survival and they are more successful predators than the more intelligent wolves...

        if you want to see how little higher intelligence can matter without the correct skills to make use of all those brain cells, a sheepdog is very smart and can even learn to understand english syntax to a limited extent but they can't communicate with each other effectively or learn by watching other dogs consistently. they also can't pass simple rope platform tests that wolves ace.

        and yes, those are border collies failing hilariously while wolves figure it out quickly, the "SMARTER THAN ALL OTHER DOGS 1488 MASTER RACE UBERDOGSCH" breed Wauf wants to frick

        t. rex could have been much dumber, and even if it was smarter, that intelligence might not have accomplished much due to not having the right innate cognitive skills to accomplish much, rather its neurons could have been dedicated to something without grand aspirations rather than life in massive t. rex clans, if they were even present in great density. t. rex could have been more like a bear, with a larger but sparser brain nonetheless well optimized for being really good at killing fricking everything.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >All those multicolored wolves
          LOL Most people don't realize this but those aren't actual wild wolves. Those are semi-feral wolves that people kept in captivity to breed coat colors they wanted and then released into the wild to "restock" "wild" wolf populations. That's why all wild wolves in North America look like cartoon dogs.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            All surviving wolves like 1-5% dog. It was common practice to let dogs run free for a long fricking time, especially sled dogs in the north which were expected to frick off and feed themselves. All the genes for weakness and stupidity get filtered out fast so wolves mostly just retain weird coat colors, a little longer socialization window, and a small amount of extra friendliness, I guess because they don't get into as many fights with other wolves that way.

            They're still not anywhere near being dogs and if you tried to keep one as a pet it would love you like no other but hunt your family for food.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              don't forget coyote hybridization. when we tried to exterminate them the surviving wolves got desperate and fricked coyotes.

              it makes you wonder how many ancient species existed on gradients like this and how much we've identified as things that were uncommon or just not what they actually were

  23. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    DINOSAURS NEVER HAD FEATHERS STOP TRYING TO STEAL MY TESTOSTERONE YOU FRICKING israeliteS I HATE THE ANTICHRIST

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >feathers out of nowhere
      I see you shill

  24. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    This statement is patently false. Modern paleontologists are some of the most highly educated and intelligent scientists in the world. They have dedicated their lives to studying the fossil record and have a wealth of knowledge about the history of life on Earth.

    The statement also misunderstands the process of evolution. Evolution is not a simple process of "sifting out" mutations that make an organism better adapted. It is a complex, ongoing process that is influenced by many factors, including the environment, the organism's own biology, and chance.

    There is plenty of evidence that creatures with seemingly "useless" mutations can and do survive and thrive. We see this all the time in nature, where animals with strange and unusual adaptations are perfectly well-adapted to their environments.

    So, to say that modern paleontologists are simply idiots is ignorant and insulting. It is clear that the person making this statement does not understand the complexities of evolution or the vast amount of knowledge that paleontologists have about the fossil record.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >Modern paleontologists are some of the most highly educated and intelligent scientists in the world.

      DINOSAURS NEVER HAD FEATHERS STOP TRYING TO STEAL MY TESTOSTERONE YOU FRICKING israeliteS I HATE THE ANTICHRIST

      Jesus christ apple's evolving. KILL IT!!

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >seemingly "useless" mutations can and do survive and thrive
      name 1 mutation in 5 different animals that is seemingly "useless", because by definition is it not useless then, even the human appendix has a use

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        The most useless bullshit is always handwaved as sexual selection. However, please explain why people are still born with extra ribs, conjoined kidneys, etc, and have been so and able to thrive and reproduce without modern medicine.

        https://i.imgur.com/F5WsMSt.jpg

        I was actually talking about the crazy chicken pose they had it in. But no, Maniraptorans do not have fricking backwards hands with claws flying in every direction.

  25. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    so it’s settled then. most theropods did have some form of lips to go over their gums good to know.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      I mean I should think it should clear from the evidence.

  26. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    I don't listen to some basket vile board brainlet
    Reddit better than this

  27. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Everything that looks different from Jurassic Park (my FAVORITE childhood movie) is wrong

  28. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    >something deep inside me tells me
    jesus christ i fricking hate this new anti-science sentiment across the internet
    yes it was funny when gigachad was asked what his source was and he said he saw it in his dreams, and yes einstein once said that one quote about intuition, but holy shit you are speaking completely without any hard facts or scientific methodology here about an only biological subject. please stop being moronic and save your highly wise and god-given, trustworthy intuition for instances that actually call for it.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >jesus christ i fricking hate this new anti-science sentiment across the internet
      Well why don't you take a wild fricking guess who's responsible. When you publish so many fraudulent papers you collapse science, people tend to notice and stop listening to you. I assure you, most people have never heard of the replication crisis, but they trust science less today than they did 30 years ago. That's because feelings and instinct actually matter. That's how you develop a good bullshit filter and don't just "Believe Science!™" like a moron.

      >I mean they had feathered T. rex dominating the first episode
      Aside from that the T. rex looks pretty good, and I can't think of many other examples aside from like one of the pterosaur's having its wingtips slightly too pointy or Kaikaifilu being a bit too robust

      I thought it looked like Earl Sinclair. With peachfuzz.

      >I mean they had feathered T. rex dominating the first episode
      Aside from that the T. rex looks pretty good, and I can't think of many other examples aside from like one of the pterosaur's having its wingtips slightly too pointy or Kaikaifilu being a bit too robust

      Well you also had the entire Dreadnoughtus catastrophe. I mean holy shit was that bad. And the weird contorted handed Therizinosaur. And the feathered Pachyrhinosaurs. And frankly I've already spent more time bothering with that dumbass show than I care too.

      Everything that looks different from Jurassic Park (my FAVORITE childhood movie) is wrong

      Yes.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >don't just "Believe Science!™" like a moron.
        >don't just believe science like a moron
        I think that's all we need to know about this midwit.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >the entire Dreadnoughtus catastrophe
        "The air balloons are dishonest! They're lying to me! No you can't just have artistic license!"

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          No, I mean look at the picture. That thing's a trainwreck.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            Dreadnoughtus is a titanosaur though, not a brachiosaur

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              You know what it isn't though? A walmart shopper. They gave it fricking cankles for christ's sake.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >fattens your sauropods
                I thought putting fat and muscle on dinosaurs was a good thing

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Turning Sauropods into Americans is never a good thing.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >south american sauropod
                >looks like average latinx uncle
                Seems accurate to me

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            those dinosaurs didn't have feathers OR scales, they just had that thick leathery skin that lizards have

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              Are you saying lizards don't have scales?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I'm saying sauropods had thick leathery skin and not scales.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                They had both. The first dinosaur skin discovered is actually from a Sauropod.

                https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haestasaurus

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >chad dinosaur
            >described by such chad words as "graceful" and "elegant"
            >literally limp wristed in the pic

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              Imagine being such an insecure virgin you can't use words to describe yourself such as "elegant" and "graceful".

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >weird contorted handed Therizinosaur
        Maniraptoran holds its hands like a Maniraptoran. Shocker
        >the feathered Pachyrhinosaurs
        They were just spikes, its not like they were putting the meme quills along the tail on all the ceratopsids. I thought the argument was the quills on Psittacosaurus weren't feathers in the first place

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          I was actually talking about the crazy chicken pose they had it in. But no, Maniraptorans do not have fricking backwards hands with claws flying in every direction.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            The most useless bullshit is always handwaved as sexual selection. However, please explain why people are still born with extra ribs, conjoined kidneys, etc, and have been so and able to thrive and reproduce without modern medicine. [...]

            what makes you think they're useless?
            >there's not shaped like human hands!
            so what?

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              Actually, the entire "Theropods can't pronate their hands!" bullshit appears to be based on the way humans hold their hands, so you need to rethink your life.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                how does that make them useless?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Because it's gone so far people are putting their hands on backwards and orienting their fingers all at different angles.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                so how does that make them useless?

                I want to know what you think they were supposed to be using them for

                >well velociraptor certainly can't fly a plane with THOSE HANDS!

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I don't know, how would your hands be useless if your fingers all faced a different direction and your hands were on backwards, moron? Also, you're talking to two different people.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >how would your hands be useless if your fingers all faced a different direction and your hands were on backwards, moron?
                we're not talking about my hands

                we're talking about raptor hands

                what do you think they needed to use them for?

                >you're talking to two different people
                so?

                neither of you seems to have an answer.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                No. Let's turn this around. What do YOU think backwards hands with spaghetti fingers are USEFUL for?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >No. Let's turn this around.
                so no answer

                >I want to know what you think they were supposed to be using them for
                Not that anon, but I, as an amateur eco-functionalist, believe raptors evolved out of an arboreal ancestor: the sickle claw initially appeared as a climbing spike; afterwards, just like the big cats, many species lost the ability to climb trees because they got too fricking big. See Balaur bondoc: a heckin chonker, which retained the dropbear lifestyle (it was basically the dinosaurial equivalent of a cross between a leopard and a wolverine). Hence the second sickle claw, to avoid butt-planting its rather bulky frame while climbing trees.
                So any bodyplan that doesn't adhere to that initial task is erroneous in my eyes.

                >So any bodyplan that doesn't adhere to that initial task is erroneous in my eyes.
                even after they left the trees?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                So no answer.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >even after they left the trees?
                Lions and cheetahs still retain the same basic bodyplan of cats (with, admittedly, a ton of differences in terms of body/limb proportions) despite being utterly shit at climbing trees.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >I want to know what you think they were supposed to be using them for
                Not that anon, but I, as an amateur eco-functionalist, believe raptors evolved out of an arboreal ancestor: the sickle claw initially appeared as a climbing spike; afterwards, just like the big cats, many species lost the ability to climb trees because they got too fricking big. See Balaur bondoc: a heckin chonker, which retained the dropbear lifestyle (it was basically the dinosaurial equivalent of a cross between a leopard and a wolverine). Hence the second sickle claw, to avoid butt-planting its rather bulky frame while climbing trees.
                So any bodyplan that doesn't adhere to that initial task is erroneous in my eyes.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              how does that make them useless?

              so how does that make them useless?

              I want to know what you think they were supposed to be using them for

              >well velociraptor certainly can't fly a plane with THOSE HANDS!

              Hey, braindead gay. Imagine that you're a predator and evolution gave you developed forelimbs with large claws. In all likelihood, you need them for hunting (especially if your jaws are not massive enough for your body size).
              Now think (at least try) - how can you hunt with your developed forelimbs with large claws, if some moronic glowie drew them to you in an inverted crippled position, because one of your distant cousin's grandchildren developed the ability to fly and mutated it's hands to suit this? Hmmmm?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                so what you're saying is they used their hand to capture and kill prey?

                you can just say that, you don't need all the schizo word salad.

                you think they used their hands to capture and kill prey. Maybe to move prey to the mouth.

                and you think they couldn't do that if their hands folded in the same direction as bird wings.

                You can say it. It's fine.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                not him but the bird wing on theropods that aren't raptors is moronic

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >not him but the bird wing on theropods that aren't raptors is moronic
                sure would be if we didn't have the marks on the wrist and hand bones showing what angle they joined at.

                >reddit spacing

                I like to keep it clear and easy to read for the stupid people.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >the marks on the wrist and hand bones showing what angle they joined at
                Look. Again. At. This:

                https://i.imgur.com/fZNn1SD.jpg

                The thing that elliminates those who rooting for twisted theropod forelimbs and believe that it's dinosaurs evolved from birds, and not vice versa.
                The (un)presence of lips in archosaurs has already been well described here: [...]

                REAL. Evidense. You. Braindead. Glowie. And. Finally. Hang. Yourself.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                You keep posting that picture like its hand was permanently like that. You know they could move their hands right anon?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Actually, Carpenter's big argument was that they couldn't. Which is why everyone acts like such a gay about Theropod hands nowadays.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Based on modern observations of clawed maniraptorans (juvenile hoatzins), the hand and thumb possess considerable mobility (at least, until the joints ossify and the hand turns into a wing).
                So it's quite likely that a more splayed resting position (with the thumb pointing forwards and the rest of the fingers slightly at an angle) might be correct (though obviously not at the extreme angle of modern bird wings).

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                So once again, you're basing Theropods hand positions on fricking birds, which Mesozoic Theropods are not (excluding birds, you reddit pedant).

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >reddit spacing

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >they couldn't do that if their hands folded in the same direction as bird wings
                Bingo, moron! Congratulations, you're beginning to comprehend the basic principles of logical thinking. (I understand that you're not really, but at least you figured out why you're being laughed at. Already commendable.)

                not him but the bird wing on theropods that aren't raptors is moronic

                On maniraptorans (with the exception of the birds themselves) this also makes no sense. Why would a flightless animal (besides, a predator that actively uses its arms) cripple its forelimbs, intentionally worsening their functionality.
                Evolution doesn't work that way. A dromaeosaurus with a mutation that limits its hunting abilities would simply lose the evolutionary race to its normal healthy relatives.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Wait, how does having the range of motion to bend the wrist make them crippled or in any way less functional?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >Why would a flightless animal (besides, a predator that actively uses its arms) cripple its forelimbs, intentionally worsening their functionality.
                probably because they were already useless long before that.

                if the animal bends over to grasp prey with its hands it falls over. Then hands don't reach the mouth so it wasn't bringing stuff up to eat. If it grasped large prey with its hands it would fall over backwards because the things are way too short.

                all indications are that theropods weren't using their hands for much of anything. Including the fact that the arms and hands shrunk over time to the point of being completely vestigial in several lineages while the jaws and heads grew larger and more important.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                The bird-oriented hands are still theoretically useful for grasping standing prey and ensuring it maintains balance during a kick.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                the anon I was responding to is complaining about bird wrists in dinosaurs that obviously didn't use their arms. Non-raptors.

                he doesn't realize bird wrists evolved long before birds did. For that matter he has no idea when birds evolved so he doesn't know bird traits were common in theropods almost from the very start.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I swear to god, half these comments are from the same 15 year old who doesn't know shit about dinosaurs. Most theropods do not have tiny little cripple hands. That's just the very large ones.

                The bird-oriented hands are still theoretically useful for grasping standing prey and ensuring it maintains balance during a kick.

                Backwards hands with fingers flying in every direction are useful for nothing.

                the anon I was responding to is complaining about bird wrists in dinosaurs that obviously didn't use their arms. Non-raptors.

                he doesn't realize bird wrists evolved long before birds did. For that matter he has no idea when birds evolved so he doesn't know bird traits were common in theropods almost from the very start.

                You think raptors are the only theropods that used their hands?

                >he doesn't realize bird wrists evolved long before birds did
                That's literally bullshit you featherhomosexuals made up to justify your fetish.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >You think raptors are the only theropods that used their hands?
                we can tell if a theropods hands are useful.
                Can they reach the mouth?
                Can they grab something close to the ground without the animal falliing over on its face?
                Can they grab something at eye level without the animal falling over backwards?

                most medium to large theropods couldn't do any of that. Their hands were entirely useless for grabbing things.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >Backwards hands with fingers flying in every direction are useful for nothing.
                The fingers move, you know, and they obviously weren't stuck completely backwards. They're of limited use in some niches but not really important hence their degeneration.

                Like I said.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                They are like real animals.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                his mistake is thinking that grabbing stuff is the only possible use for hands

                he's moronic.
                It's sad.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                That's literally what hands are for, dipshit. I mean, when we're arguing about shit THIS basic, there's no point in a thread even existing. This is kindergarten level shit.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >That's literally what hands are for, dipshit.
                except when it's not.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >That's literally what hands are for, dipshit.
                even a child could understand that hands might be used for stuff other than grabbing

                you're so fricking stupid
                If I had a cow as dumb as you I'd be afraid to drink the milk

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Such as?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                slapping you
                rubbing my girl's pussy
                balancing when running
                balancing when jumping
                balancing when walking
                balancing when standing
                balancing when standing on one foot
                slapping your mother
                slapping your mother while rubbing her pussy
                flipping you off
                speaking
                gesturing
                pushing things
                pushing the ground
                poking stuff
                rolling over
                punching your stupid face

                I'm sure you can think of more
                actually I don't think you can think of any of this because you're fricking moronic.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >Backwards hands with fingers flying in every direction are useful for nothing.
                The fingers move, you know, and they obviously weren't stuck completely backwards. They're of limited use in some niches but not really important hence their degeneration.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            That's within Theri's range of motion though. Do you think they constantly held their hands in front of them dangling limply?

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              Kind of hard to say how they held them, but I would assume some sort of slightly tucked position would be most likely. What I absolutely do not go for are these fricking contorted positions every paleo"artists" tries put their arms in these days. It wasn't a fricking bird. Cut this shit out.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                But

                https://i.imgur.com/F5WsMSt.jpg

                I was actually talking about the crazy chicken pose they had it in. But no, Maniraptorans do not have fricking backwards hands with claws flying in every direction.

                is just

                https://i.imgur.com/eRVCj2G.jpg

                >weird contorted handed Therizinosaur
                Maniraptoran holds its hands like a Maniraptoran. Shocker
                >the feathered Pachyrhinosaurs
                They were just spikes, its not like they were putting the meme quills along the tail on all the ceratopsids. I thought the argument was the quills on Psittacosaurus weren't feathers in the first place

                in a tucked position. It's not contorted, it just looks weird from the front. The claws aren't flying in every direction either, they're all facing inwards

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >I would assume
                meanwhile people with an IQ twice yours have spent decades studying the subject and produced much more likely conclusions.

                you're a moron
                you don't like how they look so you deny evolution.

                maniraptorans don't have bird wrists. birds have maniraptoran wrists.

                because maniraptorans aren't birds. birds are maniraptorans.

                Just like people aren't moronic, but morons like you are still people.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >Maniraptorans do not have fricking backwards hands
            Their defining anatomical trait is a half-moon shaped wristbone that allows the hand to fold at a lower angle felative to the forearm

  29. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Did it have enough tail to counterbalance the rest of its body?

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      its really hard to tell, because we dont have a lot of fossils of spinosaurus, the most we have is a few neural spines, some skull fragments, pelvic bones fragment, and some teeth, anything else is just an inference, and those can only go so far, which is why spinosaurus is really weird in its depictions

  30. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    [...]

    >WE ABSOLUTELY DO know how many of those species looked and it was most certainly not how PP depicted them
    Which ones exactly?

  31. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    [...]

    >Bruh there's a fricking gumline.
    this is an easy mistake to make if you don't know anything about tooth and jaw anatomy.

    but we know that line was under the gums and inside the bone of the jaw.

    we can usually tell where the gumline is by either a cingulum, basal striations, or more often where the carinae and/or denticles begin.

    read up. Learn some stuff.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >we can usually tell where the gumline is by either a cingulum, basal striations, or more often where the carinae and/or denticles begin.
      Unless of course theropods had carinae and denticles covered by the gums as in varanids

      but we can't know that so we assume they didn't..

  32. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    [...]

    >Literally a 12 year old: There's the gumline.
    again, that's not the gumline and you aren't as smart as a 12 year old

    >they have GUMLINES which are clearly visible some ways away from the jaw.
    kek'd

    bone shrinks as it dries, but teeth don't shrink nearly as much. Those lines you see were below the gums and also covered by the bone of the jaw. Just like on every toothed vertebrate.

    then they die and the jaw bone shrinks exposing that line.

    the line is called the cervical line.

    just a helpful tip from someone that actually knows a little anatomy.

    the gumline in theropods corresponds roughly to the cingulum dentis, which theropods don't usually have

    the line you're mistaking for a gumline is the cervix dentis, or cervical line. It is well below the gumline.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      It's literally the gumline.

      >the gumline in theropods corresponds roughly to the cingulum dentis
      I'd love to see what actual evidence you have to support this that defies a clear devision between crown and root on a fricking tooth. You morons must've just stolen this from Varanids.

      Also, don't forget that the exact location of the gumline on something like a T. rex is going to be difficult to judge anyway since they have teeth growing all over the fricking place. Some of their teeth are always going to be some degree below the gumline. That's just obvious. I doubt the mature teeth were though. Sauropods are more regular.

      [...]
      >Bruh there's a fricking gumline.
      this is an easy mistake to make if you don't know anything about tooth and jaw anatomy.

      but we know that line was under the gums and inside the bone of the jaw.

      we can usually tell where the gumline is by either a cingulum, basal striations, or more often where the carinae and/or denticles begin.

      read up. Learn some stuff.

      ORRR, hear me out...by where the root differentiates from the crown, you know, like in most animals.

      [...]
      >WE ABSOLUTELY DO know how many of those species looked and it was most certainly not how PP depicted them
      Which ones exactly?

      I mean they had feathered T. rex dominating the first episode. Pic related is much more accurate.

      >If his reconstruction is correct, the animal would be no more capable of walking than a seal
      Is this based on any biomechanics or is it just because you looked at picture and went "nah not possible"? There are birds that can walk with short legs and extremely front heavy skeletons so you can't say that without the data to back it up

      Birds don't weigh shit.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >I mean they had feathered T. rex dominating the first episode
        Aside from that the T. rex looks pretty good, and I can't think of many other examples aside from like one of the pterosaur's having its wingtips slightly too pointy or Kaikaifilu being a bit too robust

  33. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    [...]

    >WE ABSOLUTELY DO know how many of those species looked
    Hey can you point me to the time traveller you've been speaking with? Cause id like to know how you know, for absolute certain, how the species depicted in prehistoric planet looked irl.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Wow looks like we'd better put away paleontology until we discover time travel.

      Edit: Thanks for the reddit gold, kind strangers! Stay awesome!

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Real palaeontologist admit all the time that we actuallt do not know for certain how these animals looked irl. We have a good idea, but for the majority of dinosaurs, the intricacies of their morphology (colour, display structures, exact musculature, etc) remain a mystery.
        Don't blame palaeontology for your dumbassery and arrogance. We do not know, for certain, how any dinosaur looked, no matter how much evidence we have for one thing or the other, because we did not see them. moron. It's all speculation with evidence for and against.

        So yeah, point me to your time traveller. Stupid c**t.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Lol no you don't. Paleontologists never admit when they're wrong. They just go quiet(ER) then everyone abandons them for their old, moronic theories. That's how it always works. That's the "never apologize" part. The "Never stop making the same mistakes" part is the kind of shit.

          The fact is most of the evidence we need to know how these animals looked is right there in the fricking fossil record. It's threads like these where I spend the entire fricking thing trying to tell supposed actual paleopseuds "FRICKING LOOK!" is pretty phenomenal. You homosexuals never see because you WON'T see, not because you can't see. Color is about the only thing that's a true mystery.

          >So yeah, point me to your time traveller.
          GOTT DAMN you're moronic.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            Oops never finished that sentence.

            The "Never stop making the same mistakes" part is the kind of shit like claiming "dinosaurs can't X" or "this is the largest Y" and then a bigger one is found. Paleontologists are always trying to tell dinosaurs what they can and can't do.

            Real palaeontologist admit all the time that we actuallt do not know for certain how these animals looked irl. We have a good idea, but for the majority of dinosaurs, the intricacies of their morphology (colour, display structures, exact musculature, etc) remain a mystery.
            Don't blame palaeontology for your dumbassery and arrogance. We do not know, for certain, how any dinosaur looked, no matter how much evidence we have for one thing or the other, because we did not see them. moron. It's all speculation with evidence for and against.

            So yeah, point me to your time traveller. Stupid c**t.

            Your lack of ability to recognize patterns is not the fault of science. It is a personal failing on your part. Nobody forced you to ignore comparative anatomy and your susceptibility to public schools drilling any critical reasoning skill out of you is your own god damned fault for being a genetically inferior specimen.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            Yeah man just look at the skeleton that'll tell you literally EVERYTHING about how an animal looked irl.

            You're at the peak of mount stupid and you would disintegrate if you ever attempted to spout your bullshit to a real palaeontologist

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              We've been over this before, moron. We have MUCH more than just skeletons and we can use the EXTREMELY detailed information we have on some dinosaurs to feed us information about others.

              https://i.imgur.com/G8kboxL.jpg

              Saw this graphic on some new braincase study speculating T. rex's cognitive capacity could have been somewhere between chimp and baboon.

              Well yes, chimps and baboons are fricking moronic so that's probably correct. T. rex had a tiny fricking brain for its size. All dinosaurs did.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >Yeah man use this skeleton this skin imprint and this footprint that MIGHT be this dinosaur and you'll know how it looks for 100% certain. Trust me man.
                Jesus fricking christ.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Yjk that lobotomy patient is writing 3 paragraphs to try and justify this mindset.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Yjk that lobotomy patient is writing 3 paragraphs to try and justify this mindset.

                Are you moronic? Or just ignorant of how much information is available on the subject? You mental midgets have to be trolls. Or mormons.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                No matter the amount of information there is (which isnt as much as you seem to think there is) it will never tell us exactly how extinct animals looked with 100% certainty and accuracy. What about that is hard to wrap your mangled brain around.

  34. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    the real paleo schizo has entered the thread. OP and others who agree with him are just larpers.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      See? It's easy to tell lol

      >they have GUMLINES which are clearly visible some ways away from the jaw.
      kek'd

      bone shrinks as it dries, but teeth don't shrink nearly as much. Those lines you see were below the gums and also covered by the bone of the jaw. Just like on every toothed vertebrate.

      then they die and the jaw bone shrinks exposing that line.

      the line is called the cervical line.

      just a helpful tip from someone that actually knows a little anatomy.

      >bone shrinks as it dries
      Not THAT fricking much. THIS is a crocodile skull. Why isn't it drying out shrinking the gumline several inches? No lips.

      >cervical line
      So the gumline, dipshit.

  35. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Evolutionists: despite evidence that they occurred these mutations are just too WACKY of a coincidence so i deny them
    Also evolutionists: well i like the result of this wacky coincidence so it happened chaos and time are amazing things

  36. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Why do they keep insisting on making that stupid M shaped sail based on one fricking sail?

  37. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    I think Cau's interpretation is more likely. The sail was used to hold the neck straight up and thus improve balance

  38. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    As OP was told in his other thread it’s far more likely that the crocodile like dinosaurs such as spinosaurus had no lips vs other theropods like tyrannosaurus. some food for thought.
    >crocodiles takes around 1-2 months to replace to replace a tooth
    >spinosaurus needed 8 months
    >tyrannosaurus on the other hand needed 2 years to replace a broken tooth
    also keep in mind that loss of lips is generally an adaptation for aquatic/semi-aquatic animals meant to reduce side to side drag which fits animals that utilize fast sudden movements to quickly snap up passing by prey.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >spinosaurus needed 8 months
      on the other hand needed 2 years to replace a broken tooth
      kek

      "up to" 2 years
      "up to" 8 months

      these are the outside limits and they aren't supported by either the number of teeth on the ground or the number of broken teeth in the jaw. The real rates were much faster.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      while it might take over a year for a tooth to fully erupt in a fully grown adult T. rex, that tooth was probably broken before it fully emerged. And it was shed before it fully emerged. Meaning in real life most teeth never fully formed and certainly didn't take the full 2 years to be replaced.

  39. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    >Something deep inside me
    Damn what’s years of research by experts in the face of a hunch from anon

  40. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    >real scientists:
    >did this theropod have some sort of lip like structure?
    >maybe. maybe not. we have not yet found evidence of lips and although some of its living relatives lack lips it's possible that they were eventually lost in evolution due to being useless. we can not say for sure that all members of a group share the same traits because it is apparent in the present day that they often do not. it is important to understand that animals often have traits that serve no purpose simply because they do not cause sufficient harm to be selected against. evolution is not purposeful. to say that living theropods lacking lips proves that extinct theropods also lacked them would be to say that primates having very fleshy lips and hairless faces proves that their shrew-like ancestors also had those traits. phylogenetic bracketing does not constitute evidence, it simply sets the standard for what evidence is required to prove that something is out of the ordinary.
    >what about feathers on t-rex?
    >we have found many theropods with feathers, and much t-rex integument without. based on examples set by mammals, it is definitely possible for an animal to lose things like feathers and hair in adulthood. we may be missing a piece of integument with remnants of the feathers t-rex lost, such as a patch of filaments on the head, or it could have lost them entirely.

    >schizophrenic divorcees on Wauf:
    >NO THIS LOOKS STUPID
    >SUBVERSIVE SOIENTISTS MAKING DINOS LOOK LIKE PUSSIES
    >ALL CHINESE FOSSILS ARE FAKE! CHINESE PEOPLE ARE NOT HUMAN! GENOCIDE NOW! ITS A GOVERNMENT CONSPIRACY TO RUIN DINOSAURS!
    >ALLIGATORS HAVE NO TOOTH COVERINGS THEY ARE ARCHOSAURS THEROPODS DO NOT HAVE LIPS ITS IMPOSSIBLE
    >FRICKING moron
    >SHILL
    >GLOWIES ARE RUINING DINOS
    >ITS A CONSPIRACY
    >YOU ARE AN APPLE SHILL
    >SHILLS!
    >YOU ARE NOT BELONG TO THE PALEO WORLD

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Oh no. It's richer than that anon. Theropods definitely had lips.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >definitely
        How do you know? That pic is spectaculating without hard evidence.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Well... If you so highlighted the words CLEARLY and ANYTHING, then everything is EXACTLY as you say. Pure scientific approach.

        (oh, Satan, why glowies are so cringe?)

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          have you been drinking at night?
          your english goes to shit after midnight

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            Clinging to a European's English you only confirm that you have nothing more to complain about. You must be very humiliated and mad.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              Previously the verbose, combative, and moronic paleo schizo said he's a burger

              now you admit you're a yuropoor.

              make up your minds.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                You should take your meds and stop personalizing your inner demons. After all, if the whole world stinks for you - it's probably you're the one who shitted own pants.

  41. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    why do crocodiles not have lips anyways?

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Because they live in water near constantly so they don't need lips to keep their teeth wet.
      Every other reptile/mammal has lips in some form to keep their teeth wet and healthy and stop them from drying out and snapping.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Lips can also be used to protect teeth from impacts and to mechanically clean them so dried up shit doesn't disrupt the bite.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          https://i.imgur.com/DnES8ty.png

          Oh no. It's richer than that anon. Theropods definitely had lips.

          This too. Therefore it is way more likely dinosaurs had lips than didn't. WAY more likely.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            so what youre saying is that i can get dino head

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Lips can also be used to protect teeth from impacts and to mechanically clean them so dried up shit doesn't disrupt the bite.

        broken theropod teeth are the most common theropod body fossil found. Broken teeth outnumber skeletons by about 10:1

        theropods constantly broke teeth.
        and when we find a theropod skull, it's normal for the teeth in the skull to be broken too.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Same could be said of things like Komodo dragons

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >Same could be said of things like Komodo dragons
            nah, if varanids lost teeth at the same rate theropods seemed to, they wouldn't ever have any. As it was theropods were often missing almost half their teeth at a time.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              difference is, unlike T. rex, Komodo dragons have multiple rows of developing teeth at any given time so can quickly replace a lost tooth instead of having to grow a new one

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >unlike T. rex, Komodo dragons have multiple rows of developing teeth at any given time
                ah, I see you've never examined the insides of a T. rex jaw.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I'm not talking about inside the jawbone, even humans have their baby teeth already inside the jawbone. I'm talking rows of teeth almost like a shark in Komodo dragons

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >I'm talking rows of teeth almost like a shark in Komodo dragons
                I'll give you a hint

                there's already a pic in this very thread of multiple tooth rows in a T. rex.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                If you mean

                https://i.imgur.com/DnES8ty.png

                Oh no. It's richer than that anon. Theropods definitely had lips.

                I don't see it. They don't seem to show up in any references of the underside of the skull I can find either

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >I don't see it.
                fair enough.

                I see several sockets with 2 emergent teeth and at least one with 3. I also know from handling theropod skulls that there's another 2 or 3 rows inside the maxilla.

                rows 1 and 2 are almost the same size, meaning they were replacing teeth extremely rapidly.

                how do you know about tooth replacement in varanids and know nothing about theropods? Seems an esoteric bit of knowledge and an interesting scotoma.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >how do you know about tooth replacement in varanids and know nothing about theropods?
                Because I don't study theropods. If you know of any good references or where to find them, it just seems weird they aren't in most of the drawings/images I saw. Also when I said multiple rows maybe I should've been clearer in that I didn't just mean having a couple teeth emerging from some of the sockets that already have a grown tooth, I meant full rows of extra teeth like picrel, sometimes with 5 or 6 replacements for each tooth. If any theropods have rows like that its news to me

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >Because I don't study theropods
                kinda what I was thinking. It might surprise you to learn that people who study theropods also study varanids because they're good analogies in a lot of ways. Particularly in feeding and dentition.
                >it just seems weird they aren't in most of the drawings/images I saw.
                Yep, we usually don't break fossils open to show what's going on inside, but any theropod paleontologist has seen the inside of some dinosaur jaws.
                >I meant full rows of extra teeth like picrel,
                yes. The reason you don't see that with theropods much is the teeth generally broke as fast as they erupted. Then they got shed.

                it's normal with large theropods to find half of the teeth or more missing. Of those that remain, over half are faceted, spalled, cracked, broken, or worn to nubs after being broken and used anyways.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >It might surprise you to learn that people who study theropods also study varanids because they're good analogies in a lot of ways. Particularly in feeding and dentition
                This I've heard of. They might not be the best analogue but I suppose they're probably one of the closest we've got
                >picrel
                This makes more sense. The few scans I could find like this one showed much fewer and less pronounced teeth in comparison to a monitor

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Before this seems misleading I mean the picture of the jaw you posted there not the allosaurus scan when I said >picrel there

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Yep, That appears to be A jimmadseni though I'm currently too drunk to tell you if that's "Big Al" or picrel

                the number of replacement teeth in that scan is aberrant. Normally there should be multiple rows present. Though I don't know if it's a problem with the animal or the scan or my knowledge of the particular specimen.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                https://i.imgur.com/TiDj8fQ.jpg

                Yep, That appears to be A jimmadseni though I'm currently too drunk to tell you if that's "Big Al" or picrel

                the number of replacement teeth in that scan is aberrant. Normally there should be multiple rows present. Though I don't know if it's a problem with the animal or the scan or my knowledge of the particular specimen.

                based on the jugal fenestra I'd guess the scanned skull is the one in the pic I posted.

                how well tooth rows would show up on a CT I don't know. But I'd expect far more unerupted teeth than are pictured.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                If I had to guess the person who uploaded it probably removed a lot of junk for the sake of clarity and removed most of the other teeth

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                could be. That particular specimen has one of the best theropod tooth rows I've ever seen. Super clean.

                an interesting fact about that skull, the postcranial skeleton was actually found years before the skull. Nobody could figure out where the skull was so a paleontologist invented a highly modified Gieger counter to search for radio anomalies in the rock. Result was finding that particular skull. The second specimen of Allosaurus jimmadseni recovered.

                iirc it was just above the Salt Wash member of the morrison formation in dinosaur national park. At a location I'm not allowed to talk about in public forum. But basically in a road cut.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                could be. That particular specimen has one of the best theropod tooth rows I've ever seen. Super clean.

                an interesting fact about that skull, the postcranial skeleton was actually found years before the skull. Nobody could figure out where the skull was so a paleontologist invented a highly modified Gieger counter to search for radio anomalies in the rock. Result was finding that particular skull. The second specimen of Allosaurus jimmadseni recovered.

                iirc it was just above the Salt Wash member of the morrison formation in dinosaur national park. At a location I'm not allowed to talk about in public forum. But basically in a road cut.

                also of course that was the holotype of the species. Chure was working at DINO when it was recovered. I was working nearby.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                In Allosaurus the number of unerupted tooth rows varies from 1 to 3. 2-3 unerupted rows are typical.

                this is true of both upper and lower jaws. Sometimes we'll see one full tooth row and a partial second in the maxillae with usually another 2 in the dentaries extending up from the Meckelian groove to the interdental plates.

                as pics itt show, it's common to have 2-3 teeth erupting simultaneously and linguo-labially without disrupting the interdental plates. Presumably theropods were shedding teeth at a rate of one per month or two based on estimated growth times under a year. This fits with both number and condition of shed teeth found in fossil quarries. Theropod teeth are about 10 times more common than theropod bones. Only exceeded in frequency by theropod ichnotaxa.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >Theropod teeth are about 10 times more common than theropod bones.
                This disparity has resulted in dozens of theropod species being named based solely on teeth.

                Richardoestesia is a good example, with thousands of teeth found but only 2 actual bones ever recovered. Theropods shed teeth at spectacular rates.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Tooth taxa are the bane of my existence. Unless it's a shark or something there's no reason for a description off a tooth. Though they do occasionally result in some interesting surprises

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >This disparity has resulted in dozens of theropod species being named based solely on teeth.
                That's why you never name animals based on isolated teeth or mandibles. For a SHORT, blessed window of time, Late Pleistocene paleontologists learned this lesson. Then immediately forgot it again when they realized frick the rules, gimme attention, like every other field.

                Tooth taxa are the bane of my existence. Unless it's a shark or something there's no reason for a description off a tooth. Though they do occasionally result in some interesting surprises

                Amen. But we both know the reason is credit.

                >Taxi-genetics is irrational and incorrect crackpot “science”. Do I have pronounced fangs and a full coat of hair because other primates do?
                Phylogenetic inference works in absence of evidence that point to the contrary. That's just how science is.

                That's bad science. I should think that history, particularly recent history, should teach paleontologists to stop doing this shit, but the first rule of paleontology: "Never stop making the same mistakes, never apologize."

                >The problem with this species is that people got attached to a completely fictional version of it with Jurassic Park 3.
                Including the several scientists that assigned it to multiple species, and all the other scientists that agree it's probably a chimera?

                Because that seems unlikely and probably impossible. Proving it's a chimera requires re-assigning it based on facts, not nostalgia.

                How about based on the fact it looks fricking stupid and probably couldn't stand up.

                >Even if you still discount Ibrahim's work, the fact of the matter is that we legitimately have zero idea how Spinosaurus truly looked
                A problem paleontologists don't share.

                we don't give 2 fricks what it looked like. We just want it classified and described correctly. Ibrahim's description will always have an asterisk by it because he didn't did it up. He said he did, but then it turned out he didn't. And now he's saying he dug up some of it and we don't know if that's true or not because he lied the first time around and he has no records of digging it up.

                >we don't give 2 fricks what it looked like
                You should. This is like that "Scientists don't ask 'why?', only 'how?'" bullshit. Scientists are just plain getting fricking lazy.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >Presumably theropods were shedding teeth at a rate of one per month or two based on estimated growth times under a year.
                this is per socket
                with 70 or so tooth sockets they were losing a couple teeth per day in the whole skull.

                Tooth taxa are the bane of my existence. Unless it's a shark or something there's no reason for a description off a tooth. Though they do occasionally result in some interesting surprises

                I have a particular fondness for shark teeth. I really like the chronospecies Otodus-Carcharocles. I have a set sitting on my shelf.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I was under the impression they were more croc like and less varanid like

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >I was under the impression they were more croc like and less varanid like
                crocs usually have teeth inside hollows of the erupted teeth. Theropods grew rows beside each other.

                the result is theropod teeth were much stronger than croc teeth because much thicker dentin core.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >Because they live in water near constantly so they don't need lips to keep their teeth wet.
        This has been debunked. Some crocodiles spend more time on land than in water and their teeth are fine.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          that is due to the law of irreversibility and those land dwelling crocs come from ancestors who already lost their teeth to live in water.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            *lost their lips*

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            actually depending on whether or not you believe the law of irreversiblity is valid and how flexible/inflexible it is, you could argue that all archosaurs lacked lips due to them evolving from semiaquatic proterosuchidae which survived the permian mass extinction. and as pointed out here

            As OP was told in his other thread it’s far more likely that the crocodile like dinosaurs such as spinosaurus had no lips vs other theropods like tyrannosaurus. some food for thought.
            >crocodiles takes around 1-2 months to replace to replace a tooth
            >spinosaurus needed 8 months
            >tyrannosaurus on the other hand needed 2 years to replace a broken tooth
            also keep in mind that loss of lips is generally an adaptation for aquatic/semi-aquatic animals meant to reduce side to side drag which fits animals that utilize fast sudden movements to quickly snap up passing by prey.

            they mostly likely had no lips due to their lifestyle and when they expanded into niches left by extinct therapsids the only ones who would come closest to """re-evolving""" lips would be herbivorous beaked archosaurs gaining cheeks to help with chewing. carnivorous archosaurs on the other hand would have no pressure to gain lips and simply opt to replace their teeth faster.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              It's definitely valid. Modern birds alone prove that. We don't have any scaly lizard-birds these days, regardless of how much feather cover they lose. Proterosuchids likely had some degree of lips, though likely less than their dinosaur descendents since they were crocodile analogs. Prolacerta (which gave rise to Proterosuchids) wasn't very crocodile-like though. Much more lizardlike.

              https://i.imgur.com/aldnRsR.jpg

              Well... If you so highlighted the words CLEARLY and ANYTHING, then everything is EXACTLY as you say. Pure scientific approach.

              (oh, Satan, why glowies are so cringe?)

              That Meg never skips leg day.

              https://i.imgur.com/8RQjCg9.png

              moron. Absolute braindead glowie moron. If you had at least a grain of critical thinking and knowledge in biology, then you knew that crocodiles spend most of their lives basking in the sun, along the way mercilessly drying their teeth on it. And then they are subjected them to even greater stress, dipping into cold water after long hours in the sun.
              According to your "logic" lips would be useful here like nowhere else, but crocodiles don't have them. Because this is a common feature of all archosaurs (which can be seen from the jaw bones of various both crurotarsians and avemetatarsals).

              >Because this is a common feature of all archosaurs (which can be seen from the jaw bones of various both crurotarsians and avemetatarsals).
              You're right about the rest, but this is incorrect. True Suchians are very different from most Archosaurs. Their lipless state is derived, not basal. It's actually coincidence that they're anything like their Proterosuchid ancestors. Some Pseudosuchians (like Poposaurs) basically turned into Dinosaurs.

              I was under the impression they were more croc like and less varanid like

              That's because you keep listen to paleopseuds drone on about "phylogenetic bracketing" instead of looking at the animals' actual anatomy. It's not your fault if you don't study Theropods, but this only highlights how fricking moronic relying on assumed brackets is and how much damage it does to one's understanding of extinct animals. Dinosaurs aren't alligators. Crocodilians are actually quite a bit divergent from their common ancestor.

              https://i.imgur.com/lKZxUsI.jpg

              In Allosaurus the number of unerupted tooth rows varies from 1 to 3. 2-3 unerupted rows are typical.

              this is true of both upper and lower jaws. Sometimes we'll see one full tooth row and a partial second in the maxillae with usually another 2 in the dentaries extending up from the Meckelian groove to the interdental plates.

              as pics itt show, it's common to have 2-3 teeth erupting simultaneously and linguo-labially without disrupting the interdental plates. Presumably theropods were shedding teeth at a rate of one per month or two based on estimated growth times under a year. This fits with both number and condition of shed teeth found in fossil quarries. Theropod teeth are about 10 times more common than theropod bones. Only exceeded in frequency by theropod ichnotaxa.

              >Only exceeded in frequency by theropod ichnotaxa.
              Are they really that common? It was my impression that footprints, etc. were sort of rarer. You're saying they're more common than teeth? That almost seems hard to believe.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >It was my impression that footprints, etc. were sort of rarer
                you're correct, the ichnotaxa themselves are pretty rare. But individual footprints? There's probably close to a million of those just from known trackways.

                so yeah. Even though somewhat rare compared to non-theropod footprints, there's still an incredible shitload of them. Mostly small to medium theropod tracks. But a fair number of gigantic ones as well.

                teeth are an easy second place though. Tens of thousands of those show up. Maybe hundreds of thousands.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I meant the individual footprints. I think you misspoke so I took it as you meaning that. I had no idea they were so common. I've so rarely heard of them. I mean most of the ones I'm familiar with like the Broome Sauropod or the supposed Dilophosaurus prints in the East have been talked about repeatedly.

                https://i.imgur.com/Eh4SFSD.jpg

                I forget what species but there's some bird that rarely lands and tries to walk with its legs so far back in a horizontal position rather than upright. Also couldn't it simply pull a ye olde tripod pose

                I mean with reconstructions like that pic, you're basically arguing for a quadruped.

                https://i.imgur.com/L550xty.jpg

                And this is a Camarasaurus skull - a Saurischian, just like Theropods. Again, which one does it resemble?

                Also, those yellowish bits are said to be soft tissue - parts of the remaining lips, but I've never seen good enough detail of them to know if that's correct.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >their lipless state is derived, not basal
                Is there any evidence of this, or it's just another's glowie "subverting speculation"?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Just look at the skulls of Proterosuchids. They're very different from true Suchians (one of their many descendents).

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                For example, the same jaws, full of holes for nerves and blood vessels, which are typical only for lipless animals?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Squamates have jaws full of foramina too. See:

                https://i.imgur.com/DtW02fH.jpg

                THIS is an Iguana skull. Which does it look like? Iguanas are reptiles, but also have lips.

                The jaws of Proterosuchids are also quite different from Crocodilians.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >iguana
                The're not even remotely comarable.

                Show me on the skull where the five gajillion crocodilian-like foramina are located. And the crocodilian-like heavy ridging. Oh, wait, you can't. The only foramina are found along the tooth line, like in modern lipped lizards. And the skull is smooth.

                That skull resembles a varanid one, with a big-ass ugly overbite.

                >far fetched excuses
                Seethe.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                You classical paleontologists are the very last people I'd listen to when debating "far-fetched excuses". You're the reason we're in this mess in the first place. Your original sin, the "OnLi BOanZ FoSsiLyZ!" position, caused irreplaceable destruction, with untold amounts of fossilized tissue being scraped off and discarded throughout the decades. And you have the nerve to call us crackpots.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Yeah, it really makes you wonder how much soft tissue has been lost. I was thinking about this recently and I think more fossils probably preserve soft tissue than has been accepted and people aren't paying attention and just scraping it off.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >with untold amounts of fossilized tissue being scraped off and discarded throughout the decades
                wasn't there some rumor not too long ago that the carnotaurus specimen had facial soft tissue removed during rushed preparation?

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >wasn't there some rumor not too long ago that the carnotaurus specimen had facial soft tissue removed during rushed preparation?
                it's not a rumor, but yes.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Show me on the skull where the five gajillion crocodilian-like foramina are located. And the crocodilian-like heavy ridging. Oh, wait, you can't. The only foramina are found along the tooth line, like in modern lipped lizards. And the skull is smooth.

                That skull resembles a varanid one, with a big-ass ugly overbite.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >full of holes for nerves and blood vessels, which are typical only for lipless animals
                Not entirely true. Caecilians have holes all over their skulls like crocodiles but their teeth are covered. The ganges river dolphins have smoother skulls but their teeth are exposed.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                what the frick is this jaw, its more fricked than dilophosaurus; just why

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                That's great grandfather dinosaur you're looking at. A Proterosuchid. Proterosuchids had fricked up schnozes, which is why early dinosaurs - especially theropods have what's called a "subnarial gap". The suspicion is that they lived like crocodiles and the notch helped them catch prey.

                Show me on the skull where the five gajillion crocodilian-like foramina are located. And the crocodilian-like heavy ridging. Oh, wait, you can't. The only foramina are found along the tooth line, like in modern lipped lizards. And the skull is smooth.

                That skull resembles a varanid one, with a big-ass ugly overbite.

                Bruh you're agreeing with me.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                but the rostrum teeth arent worn, so whats the point

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                What are you talking about? It seems like you're having a conversation with another thread.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Sorry, it annoys me when people use crocodilians as yardstick for every other more or less related archosaur's anatomy.
                You can even see the lip line on that skull. The lower and primary part of the upper jaw have exposed roots (hence, high gums, therefore lips), that overbite not so much. The thing was buck-toothed.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        moron. Absolute braindead glowie moron. If you had at least a grain of critical thinking and knowledge in biology, then you knew that crocodiles spend most of their lives basking in the sun, along the way mercilessly drying their teeth on it. And then they are subjected them to even greater stress, dipping into cold water after long hours in the sun.
        According to your "logic" lips would be useful here like nowhere else, but crocodiles don't have them. Because this is a common feature of all archosaurs (which can be seen from the jaw bones of various both crurotarsians and avemetatarsals).

  42. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    subversive paleontology is cancer. notice how theyre ridiculous reconstructions are not only slowly but surely turning them into things that dont even look like real animals, but also more and more like early 19th century reconstructions of dinos made by cursory guesses

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      That's why I like prehistoric planet. They take artistic liberties, which is cool since we really dont know exactly how any of them looked, but they still look like real animals.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >but they still look like real animals
        uh oh! you said the magic words!
        SCHIZO TIME

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >subversive paleontology is cancer
      >dont even look like real animals, but also more and more like early 19th century reconstructions
      Amen! Feathers on non-coelurosaurian species, theropod lips and crippled forelimbs are the peak of glowie autism, that contradicts to the very common sense. Glowie "scientists" should not be even allowed to draw unicorns on Furaffinity, not to mention real scientific publications.

      https://i.imgur.com/fYkRnSH.jpg

      That's why I like prehistoric planet. They take artistic liberties, which is cool since we really dont know exactly how any of them looked, but they still look like real animals.

      >they take artistic liberties, which is cool
      Go back watching Mrvel shit and Disney "Star Wars" while spilling spinach smoozie on your beard. You're not belong to the Paleo-world (so as that hack Favreau).

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >You're not belong to the Paleo-world
        lel

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Theropods could have had lips. Taxi-genetics is irrational and incorrect crackpot “science”. Do I have pronounced fangs and a full coat of hair because other primates do? My distant ancestors and relatives had claws, not nails, so if fingernails are never found maybe i had claws?

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >Taxi-genetics is irrational and incorrect crackpot “science”. Do I have pronounced fangs and a full coat of hair because other primates do?
          Phylogenetic inference works in absence of evidence that point to the contrary. That's just how science is.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >claims to be american
        >completely forgets how to speak english sometimes

        Theropods could have had lips. Taxi-genetics is irrational and incorrect crackpot “science”. Do I have pronounced fangs and a full coat of hair because other primates do? My distant ancestors and relatives had claws, not nails, so if fingernails are never found maybe i had claws?

        Theropods could have had lips. Taxi-genetics is irrational and incorrect crackpot “science”. Do I have pronounced fangs and a full coat of hair because other primates do? My distant ancestors and relatives had claws, not nails, so if fingernails are never found maybe i had claws?

        >Taxi-genetics is irrational and incorrect crackpot “science”
        you don't understand it, so yes. Your 'understanding' of bracketing is absolutely moronic.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          No yours is. He's actually right. Trying to force Dinosaurs into alligator or pigeon models is pants on head moronic. One should examine the ANATOMY and make assessments accordingly. Phylogenetic comparisons should always come DEAD FRICKING LAST. Lips are an excellent example. We know with some certainty that dinosaurs had lips because they have GUMLINES which are clearly visible some ways away from the jaw. This necessitates lips covering AT LEAST the gumline and likely a bit more than that, because that's the natural state of animals. We only CONFIRM this because we see that the foramina of lepidosaurs, for example, are near-identical to those of the more plesiomorphic dinosaurs like Theropods, so we can assume they had lizard-like lips. Phylogenetic "bracketing" only gets you into trouble. It's why so many fricking morons have tried to do somersaults explaining away Ornithischian cheeks when the more apomorphic groups like Hadrosaurs and Ceratopsids CLEARLY fricking had them or their food would fall the frick out of the sides of their mouths when they chewed. "Um reptiles can't have cheeks, sweaty." And for those who don't know much about the subject, these groups are not like Iguanas that mostly swallow their food whole - that's another reason we're pretty certain Saurischians DIDN'T have cheeks, because they dind't really chew their food that well. Hadrosaurs and Ceratopsids thoroughly chewed their food. We know because we have the remains of the food.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >they have GUMLINES which are clearly visible some ways away from the jaw.
            kek'd

            bone shrinks as it dries, but teeth don't shrink nearly as much. Those lines you see were below the gums and also covered by the bone of the jaw. Just like on every toothed vertebrate.

            then they die and the jaw bone shrinks exposing that line.

            the line is called the cervical line.

            just a helpful tip from someone that actually knows a little anatomy.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              THIS is a human skull. How much do you think the bone has shrank? Know why there's a gap? Because humans have fricking lips.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                THIS is an Iguana skull. Which does it look like? Iguanas are reptiles, but also have lips.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                And this is a Camarasaurus skull - a Saurischian, just like Theropods. Again, which one does it resemble?

  43. 2 years ago
    Anonymous
    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Why do people want to draw this instead of, say, badass sea serpent spino?

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        its a joke reconstruction

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Well, it is pretty funny. L o L !!

  44. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    I'm pretty sure I've failed to comprehend the OP because it seems like they're saying Kangaroos should not exist according to natural law.

    Adaptations don't exist in a vacuum. Maybe there's a "better" way it could have evolved, but that niche may not have been available while they were evolving.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      there are multiple examples of the kangaroo phenotype evolving.

      Spinosaurus is unique among hundreds of known theropod taxa, including its closest relatives. This is a pretty strong argument against it. Not proof, but a pretty strong argument.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Time will tell. If Spinosaurus as we know it really is multiple species or even genera that changes things, and that's not considering the possibility highly fragmentary related taxa like Oxalaia or Irritator might turn out to be similar to it with more material

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Agreed. Lots of opportunities to either support or discredit Ibrahim's work. He may be right, but lots of people have very reasonable doubts.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            Aren't there those Ichthyovenator tail verts with the tall neural spines waiting to be described

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              I'm not sure, but it's entirely possible for the tail to be right and the legs wrong. If I'm remembering right the only part of Ibrahim's spino that he actually dug up was the tail.

  45. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    >aquatic animal has aquatic adaptations
    wow what an impossible creature

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      circular reasoning

      we don't know it's an aquatic animal. We assume it is because it has aquatic adaptations.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      the actual science (oxygen isotopes ratios from tooth enamel) points to it being semi-aquatic.

      those limbs probably are impossible for a semi-aquatic animal.

  46. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    The fact people are even engaging this moron still is probably a bad idea. Hopefully he'll get bored if his threads start dying

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >Hopefully he'll get bored if his threads start dying
      He's been here at least 6 years now and probably closer to 12. Over that time period he has been by far the most prolific poster on Wauf, even when ignored.

      he's not going anywhere. He has no job, no responsibilities, and presumably someone taking care of him.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        I know who you mean but is it even the same person, these last couple threads seem like a new one

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >is it even the same person
          yeah.

          I count how many times he uses particular phrases. "Glowies" is one. "Pseuds." "soientists"
          shit like that.

          he adopts new phrases when presented with them, and he uses them immediately. Like I called him a bot a couple weeks back and he immediately started calling everyone else bots. He learns new words like a bot does.

          but it's still him. There aren't actually that many complete morons out there with an overweening obsession with dinosaurs and a painful and itchy case of schizophrenia.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            Reminds me of the ancels, mutters, buttsniffers, shitbeasts guy (then again all his catchphrases bring up reddit as the 3rd or 4th result on google when combined with “dog”)

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              yep
              some of our schizos are easy to track by their vocabulary. OP is one of them. He's prolific, I suspect he's a toxogay, shitbull schizo, and bigfoot guy. Possibly a couple other crazies and morons on the board.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              fun Wauf fact

              most posts using fgt, zhe, elipsis (…), and dogue, as well as posts quoting filenames in replies, are all one schizo

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        More like 11. "You're here forever" isn't a threat. It's a promise.

        >Over that time period he has been by far the most prolific poster on Wauf
        Lol not even close. I guarantee bugguy alone has posted more than I have. Who knows about anons.

        I know who you mean but is it even the same person, these last couple threads seem like a new one

        They weren't me. I don't have to lie about which threads I make. That implies I'm afraid of redditors and trying to do the opposite of my goals.

        >is it even the same person
        yeah.

        I count how many times he uses particular phrases. "Glowies" is one. "Pseuds." "soientists"
        shit like that.

        he adopts new phrases when presented with them, and he uses them immediately. Like I called him a bot a couple weeks back and he immediately started calling everyone else bots. He learns new words like a bot does.

        but it's still him. There aren't actually that many complete morons out there with an overweening obsession with dinosaurs and a painful and itchy case of schizophrenia.

        I never say "glowie". The proper term is glowBlack person. And it is you appletrannies who started the "feds are gaying our dinosaurs" bullshit trying to sell Prehistoric Planet, which failed fricking spectacularly.

        I'm pretty sure I've failed to comprehend the OP because it seems like they're saying Kangaroos should not exist according to natural law.

        Adaptations don't exist in a vacuum. Maybe there's a "better" way it could have evolved, but that niche may not have been available while they were evolving.

        I think he's just saying Ibrahim's reconstruction is fricking moronic and he's right.

        there are multiple examples of the kangaroo phenotype evolving.

        Spinosaurus is unique among hundreds of known theropod taxa, including its closest relatives. This is a pretty strong argument against it. Not proof, but a pretty strong argument.

        Honestly the best argument against it is it came out after the 90s. Rigor has really taken a fricking nosedive in favor of trying to sell bullshit in the past few decades. Honestly it seems like recent life scientists are all trying to outdo each other on who can sell the dumbest theory humanly possible to the public. Life scientists are truly the stupidest scientists in existence. Much worse than even political scientists or psychology majors. Rarely have I met a biologist who didn't sound like he was huffing paint.

  47. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Straw man

    most glowies will tell you

    1. Ibrahim engaged in academic fraud regarding the collection of his holotype
    2. Ibrahim's holotype is currently considered a chimera.

    so no. Glowies are NOT trying to convince you that's a real viable animal. In fact they've gone out of their way to say it's not. But you won't listen. You'd rather be mad than right.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >1. Ibrahim engaged in academic fraud regarding the collection of his holotype
      >2. Ibrahim's holotype is currently considered a chimera.
      Source?

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      All of the claims against the chimeric nature of Ibrahim's Spinosaurus finds have been addressed thus far. And on the topic of the larger paleontology community, Sereno et al literally sourced Ibrahim's followup paper on classifying Sigilmassaurus as Spinosaurus in their paper opposing the aquatic reconstruction. Even people who disagree with Ibrahim's Spinosaurus concede that the material he found wasn't chimeric.
      The problem with this species is that people got attached to a completely fictional version of it with Jurassic Park 3. Everyone knocks on Ibrahim for using "Sigilmassaurus" parts as if the older Spinosaurus reconstruction (which Sereno himself was a major contributor for often times BTW) was "pure" when it's a bunch of flimsy fragments GDI'd using Irritator and Baryonyx.
      Even if you still discount Ibrahim's work, the fact of the matter is that we legitimately have zero idea how Spinosaurus truly looked. While Horner's attempt at pushing lesser known species into the public eye was great in theory, it ultimately did more damage to this taxon than it helped. Spinosaurus should have remained, like Bahariasaurus, a blank/vague figure until we got more material for it.
      https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493395v1.full
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667120302068?via%3Dihub

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >The problem with this species is that people got attached to a completely fictional version of it with Jurassic Park 3.
        Including the several scientists that assigned it to multiple species, and all the other scientists that agree it's probably a chimera?

        Because that seems unlikely and probably impossible. Proving it's a chimera requires re-assigning it based on facts, not nostalgia.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >Even if you still discount Ibrahim's work, the fact of the matter is that we legitimately have zero idea how Spinosaurus truly looked
          A problem paleontologists don't share.

          we don't give 2 fricks what it looked like. We just want it classified and described correctly. Ibrahim's description will always have an asterisk by it because he didn't did it up. He said he did, but then it turned out he didn't. And now he's saying he dug up some of it and we don't know if that's true or not because he lied the first time around and he has no records of digging it up.

          Okay I mean it seems like people are just fine citing Ibrahim but even if regardless of what you think of the timelines/quarry maps he wrote about the fact is that Spinosaurus was short legged and weighed far less than previously thought. The OP image is closer to the reality of Spinosaurus than its pre-2014 reconstructions ever were.
          Funnily enough Andrea Cau had strongly hypothesized nearly everything this before Ibrahim even published a single word about this just based on Spinosaurus material he had directly been involved with. This Spinosaurus (or something resembling it) isn't "new" anymore, something along its lines has been known for over a decade now.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >the fact is that Spinosaurus was short legged
            this wouldn't be known even if we had reliable quarry maps. It may be likely, but it's not known.

            finding the tail in the same place the fossil collectors supposedly dug up the legs is a very good sign, but far from proving they go together. And we may never know because skeletons from the Kem Kem are almost never articulated. It's a random bone bed with all kinds of stuff mixed together.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >the fact is that Spinosaurus was short legged
            this wouldn't be known even if we had reliable quarry maps. It may be likely, but it's not known.

            finding the tail in the same place the fossil collectors supposedly dug up the legs is a very good sign, but far from proving they go together. And we may never know because skeletons from the Kem Kem are almost never articulated. It's a random bone bed with all kinds of stuff mixed together.

            should add to this that finding both legs also indicates they go together.

            but it's certainly not proven.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >Even if you still discount Ibrahim's work, the fact of the matter is that we legitimately have zero idea how Spinosaurus truly looked
        A problem paleontologists don't share.

        we don't give 2 fricks what it looked like. We just want it classified and described correctly. Ibrahim's description will always have an asterisk by it because he didn't did it up. He said he did, but then it turned out he didn't. And now he's saying he dug up some of it and we don't know if that's true or not because he lied the first time around and he has no records of digging it up.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >we don't give 2 fricks what it looked like. We just want it classified and described correctly
          LITERAL autism.
          There's no defending this.

  48. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Frick off back to your shitty discord server or subreddit newbie

  49. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Dinosaurs are the cape shit of paleontology.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Nobody here even knows what paleontology is.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >feel slightly uncomfortable every time I see a thumbnail of what are ostensibly pebbles

        You did this to me Wauf

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Parasite orb

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      You mean because actual nerds like them and then they got mainstreamed and absolute morons ruined them by turning them into something they're not? Sounds about right.

  50. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    a lot of animals in nature look moronic for weird reasons, dinosaurs probably also looked moronic for weird reasons

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      that's a government conspiracy to make kids gay. Dinosaurs were terrible monsters that only manly men can love!

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        every carnivorous dinosaur ate whey protein before deadlifting OP's mom. Don't let globohomosexual convince you otherwise

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      that's a government conspiracy to make kids gay. Dinosaurs were terrible monsters that only manly men can love!

      every carnivorous dinosaur ate whey protein before deadlifting OP's mom. Don't let globohomosexual convince you otherwise

      Shut the frick up, apple.

  51. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    at this point paleothreads are just schizos vs schizos. at least thanks to them the scalies and creationists are leaving us alone!
    >hurray!

  52. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Frick off moron you don't need another thread

  53. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    paleogays can be really fricking stupid sometimes

    >this is related to this so the unknown trait of this must actually be just like the known analogous trait of this!
    I found a mummy of a dog but only a skeleton of a wolf. Therefore, I will declare that wolves had floppy ears and coats with clearly separated colors!

    Also, I only found hairless elephant integument so I will deny that any proboscideans could have had fur. After all, the "evidence" of fur came from a country that I am strongly racist against and obviously if the african elephant had no fur (no found integument had a single discernible fiber) the mammoth couldn't have either. Do glowies just want us to believe an animal lost a useful trait entirely? Lol.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      the result of letting liberal and schizoid midwits into the softer sciences that they were smart enough to get degrees in. colleges are full of junk courses that let these "people" pad out their degrees when back in the day the "useless" courses were legitimately difficult and were a hard filter for such subhumans as aspergers patients that don't belong in academia or anywhere near the upper crust of society where they might breed. Now you have things like womens studies where agreeing with the instructor is an instant 4.0.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        Anon the uper castes pf europe used to be fricking swarming with aspies and autists. Left to their own devices, scholarly pursuits are one of the few environments aspies can actually thrive in. All the useless, easy degrees did was bring in the normies.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          I thought he was being sarcastic since he's clearly an aspie and a schizo

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Black person have you ever had an aspie classmate? they are genuinely some of the worst students

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >have you ever had an aspie classmate?
            only morons have aspie classmates

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            I used to upset all my fastidious classmates by fricking around in class and never studying, and still do well. The frick is the point of extreme studying? Just remember what you heard morons, it isn’t hard.

  54. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    Do fish eaters have lips in nature? I always thought the point was to have the big interlocking teeth as a cage for the struggling wet prey rather than chunks of meat from a corpse. Otherwise I like it, it's very unique. Like a demonstration of what a hyper specialist in the right environment could become.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      You like being lied to?

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      Cetaceans literally lost their lips and basically adopted crocodile-normal mouths and teeth when they went full-time aquatic. Take that as you will.

      https://i.imgur.com/kH0n2Y9.jpg

      paleogays can be really fricking stupid sometimes

      >this is related to this so the unknown trait of this must actually be just like the known analogous trait of this!
      I found a mummy of a dog but only a skeleton of a wolf. Therefore, I will declare that wolves had floppy ears and coats with clearly separated colors!

      Also, I only found hairless elephant integument so I will deny that any proboscideans could have had fur. After all, the "evidence" of fur came from a country that I am strongly racist against and obviously if the african elephant had no fur (no found integument had a single discernible fiber) the mammoth couldn't have either. Do glowies just want us to believe an animal lost a useful trait entirely? Lol.

      Unless you can find a scaled elephant you really need to drop the feathered T. rex shit. Losing one integument (feathers) and losing one and gaining a DIFFERENT one (losing feathers, THEN gaining scales) are in different universes of difficulty.

      at this point paleothreads are just schizos vs schizos. at least thanks to them the scalies and creationists are leaving us alone!
      >hurray!

      Feathergays have become the new creationists. Russel's Teapot is unironically now a mainstream paleontological principle.

      https://i.imgur.com/5uh0HLz.jpg

      Nobody here even knows what paleontology is.

      Let me guess, you're going to tell us it's the study of rocks (which is incorrect)?

      >Thread is a bunch of people telling you you're moronic for making such a statement based on dogshit reasoning and basically no evidence
      He's probably right though.

      As far as I know, the idea that theropods had lips to keep the enamel of their teeth from cracking was published in a blog, and has not been published in any white paper.

      There's no evidence they lacked lips, but there's also no evidence they had them.

      more importantly, the reason paleontologists probably refuse to publish the idea even if they agree with it is because
      1. theropods constantly broke their teeth, indicating if they had lips they weren't really working to protect teeth from breakage.
      2. theropods constantly replaced their teeth, indicating again that lips weren't working to protect them.

      this isn't conclusive evidence or anything. It just makes the whole lip idea shaky enough that people won't publish it.

      I think it's a near certainty that ALL dinosaurs had some degree of lips. I do not think they covered as much as most people think. People tend to either want to strip the entire lip off or cover up every molecule of tooth, but the truth is almost certainly neither.

      And this fricking nonsense claim that enamel has to be wet deserves a death penalty for whatever criatura came up with it, because every fricking idiot parrots it now (welcome to modern soience). First they say that fangs can't exist without drool running down them all the time, then you remind them that musk deer exist, then they say well you can't actually USE them, then you remind them Elephants exist, then they claim OH BUT ELEPHANT TUSK DOESN'T HAVE ENAMEL I WIN!! Then you remind them that elephant tusks used to have enamel and that enamelless tusks are a recent adaptation, then they shut the frick up and regroup because they don't actually know the science, they just want to spread bullshit and get paid for it.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >Let me guess, you're going to tell us it's the study of rocks (which is incorrect)?
        open the pic dumbass
        >First they say that fangs can't exist without drool running down them all the time, then you remind them that musk deer exist, then they say well you can't actually USE them, then you remind them Elephants exist, then they claim OH BUT ELEPHANT TUSK DOESN'T HAVE ENAMEL I WIN!! Then you remind them that elephant tusks used to have enamel and that enamelless tusks are a recent adaptation, then they shut the frick up
        I love the arguments you have with straw men in your head

        in real life we'll tell you that tusks have a different physiology from other teeth, generally less enamel and thicker dentin.
        Then we'll tell you that tusk enamel dries out and cracks all the fricking time
        we might remind you that tusks aren't used for chewing or biting so they don't undergo the same stresses as teeth
        and finally we might tell you that tusks still break quite often despite all this.

        all of which you will ignore because you like imaginary opponents. You don't deal well with reality.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >open the pic dumbass
          Yes, I saw the pic and from the other comments I assume you made, you meant more the study of extinct marine organisms. I'm getting tired of hearing the "paleontology is just geology" nonsense. If that's true then detective work is the study of clues, no the attempt to solve crimes. Or anatomy is the study of meat and can only give you cooking tips.

          >I love the arguments you have with straw men in your head
          I've literally had this exact argument on Wauf for years with morons such as yourself who don't know shit about Proboscideans.

          >in real life we'll tell you that tusks have a different physiology from other teeth, generally less enamel and thicker dentin.
          Again, you're moronic. Modern elephants don't have enamel AT ALL on their tusks. But their recent ancestors DID. Literally nobody even knows why this is.

          >Then we'll tell you that tusk enamel dries
          Are you talking about fossils? Modern elephants don't have enameled tusks. In Gomphotheres, for example, we can watch it disappear in transition. That's why Cuvieronius has spiraled tusks. The spiral is a band of enamel. Notiomastodon lacks enamel (maybe on the tips?). I believe Elephantidae went through the same process during the Pliocene-Pleistocene time frame.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >we might remind you that tusks aren't used for chewing or biting so they don't undergo the same stresses as teeth
          Black person you outta your fricking mind. This has always been one of the stupidest fricking arguments LITERALLY of anything of all time. Elephants use their tusks to destroy entire fricking trees. I don't know if there's an animal on Earth that puts more pressure on their teeth than an elephant does with their tusks. This is where shit gets fricking loony. You can claim all you want that "ornamental" tusks like those of a Musk Deer are possible because they "don't need to be under pressure", but claiming that those of elephants aren'd put through the fricking ringer is absolute insanity. There are pieces of heavy industrial equipment that see less work. The frick are you talking about?

          >and finally we might tell you that tusks still break quite often despite all this.
          Gee, I wonder why. It's almost like they work the shit out of them. Also, diet has a significant impact on their variable fragility. You try uprooting a fricking tree with your teeth and see if one cracks.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >and gaining a DIFFERENT one (losing feathers, THEN gaining scales) are in different universes of difficulty.
        Scales and feathers coexist at the base of Avemetatarsalia. Even modern birds have body parts where both integuments are present

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Be silent now. Avemetatarsalia is a myth. It doesn't exist. And feathers are not an ancdestral archosaur trait. You can repeat bullshit until you're fricking blue in the face, but it will never be science. Both Aphanosaurs and Silesaurids have dorsal imbricate osteoderms. They weren't feathered.

          >Even modern birds
          I'm just glad the tide is finally turning back in the direction of eugenics. Oh to one day see a world where midwits that can't pass a turing test are considered once again what they are: fricking morons. DINOSAURS ARE NOT FRICKING BIRDS. For the last fricking time. Birds evolved from a VERY SPECIFIC TINY branch of Theropod dinosaurs which were DIFFERENT from other dinosaurs.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >now. Avemetatarsalia is a myth. It doesn't exist.
            Ornithodira is better for you?

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >And feathers are not an ancdestral archosaur trait
            Never claimed that. But it's likely that the common ancestor between Pterosaurs and Dinosaurs had some primitive feathers
            >Both Aphanosaurs and Silesaurids have dorsal imbricate osteoderms. They weren't feathered.
            Having osteoderms doesn't mean the animal couldn't have filamentous feathers anywhere else on the body

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              You literally did, now go the frick back to that cesspool of NPCness, reddit.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                >You literally did
                No, I claimed the common ancestor between Dinosaurs and Pterosaur likely had feathers. That's an ancient archosaur, yes. Doesn't mean I implied feathers were an ancestral Archosaur trait. moron.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >DINOSAURS ARE NOT FRICKING BIRDS. For the last fricking time. Birds evolved from a VERY SPECIFIC TINY branch of Theropod dinosaurs which were DIFFERENT from other dinosaurs.
            And that group of theropod is known to have feathers. What we were talking about. Feathers in dinosaurs. Whether an animal could have only scales or feathers. Spoiler: they can have both. Idiot.
            You're eithet baiting, a massive retatd or David Peters

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              You're literally too stupid to give a reply to other than to say that you're stupid and reminding you that strawmanning people and stating basic b***h shit everyone already knows in an attempt to prove more advanced topics wrong is pointless.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                Look in the mirror.

                A theropod can lose feathers and gain scales if losing insulation while remaining well protected is important for survival. It's pretty trivial. More trivial than a monkey developing the capacity for abstract thought, actually.

  55. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    i could buy its reduced limbs it was some sort of transitory evolution towards a primarily aquatic lifestyle, lips are dumb though

  56. 2 years ago
    Anonymous

    The thing that elliminates those who rooting for twisted theropod forelimbs and believe that it's dinosaurs evolved from birds, and not vice versa.
    The (un)presence of lips in archosaurs has already been well described here:

    [...]

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      >The (un)presence of lips in archosaurs has already been well described here
      >Thread is a bunch of people telling you you're moronic for making such a statement based on dogshit reasoning and basically no evidence
      lol, lmao even

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >Thread is a bunch of people telling you you're moronic for making such a statement based on dogshit reasoning and basically no evidence
        He's probably right though.

        As far as I know, the idea that theropods had lips to keep the enamel of their teeth from cracking was published in a blog, and has not been published in any white paper.

        There's no evidence they lacked lips, but there's also no evidence they had them.

        more importantly, the reason paleontologists probably refuse to publish the idea even if they agree with it is because
        1. theropods constantly broke their teeth, indicating if they had lips they weren't really working to protect teeth from breakage.
        2. theropods constantly replaced their teeth, indicating again that lips weren't working to protect them.

        this isn't conclusive evidence or anything. It just makes the whole lip idea shaky enough that people won't publish it.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          I don't know whether or not they had lips, I'm just saying his argument for taking such a stance is dumb as frick. There's minimal evidence either way

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >his argument for taking such a stance is dumb as frick.
            I agree, but it's not his argument

            he took it directly from a scientific paper.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              some of it was from the paper, but the shit about the teeth being too long or the weird comparison to saber toothed cats was not. He also doesn't seem to agree with the croc skin stance of Carr's paper seeing as he referenced the JP rex as being correct

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I didn't read the whole thread or try to keep track of who was saying what. That's a lot.

                but yes, he often comes to right conclusions for very wrong reasons.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          Lips exist to keep gums and the oral cavity wet, not protect teeth. I don't know where the frick this moronic idea that lips protect teeth came from.

          [...]
          or to simplify,

          we once again have the general public and artistic community running with an idea that paleontologists aren't confident enough about to actually publish.

          see also, feathered rex, scavenger rex, nonpronating raptor hands, etc.

          And paleontologists love this, because this way they get their quack ideas out into the public consciousness without putting their own professional reputations on the line. They know something like scavenger rex can never be actually tested, so instead of having to write a paper they just plant a seed and stir the pot and let the public make their dumb idea go viral.
          That way they can always fall back on "wtf bro we never published anything saying this though" when the pushback inevitably (deservedly) starts.

          This isn't totally correct. Bad paleontology is feeding bad paleoart, which is feeding back into even worse paleontology. The fact that you insist on bringing up scavenger T. rex reveals you to be a worthless pseud. Jack Horner is one of the greatest paleontologists who has ever lived and has done more for the field than any score of your level will ever do. Papers are not science. They're a format. Nobody doesn't know scavenger T. rex is Jack Horner's idea and everyone thought it was stupid when he first said it.

          I don't know whether or not they had lips, I'm just saying his argument for taking such a stance is dumb as frick. There's minimal evidence either way

          Once again, those who know less are trying to tell those with eyes who understand anatomy that "we don't know nuffin". We can literally see the fricking gumlines on Dinosaurs. We know they had lips to some degree. The only real debate is over how much of the teeth they covered. Once again, BOTH paleontologists and paleo"""artists""" signed off on stupid shit like lipless sauropods for years. They're all to blame for this bullshit.

          Straw man

          most glowies will tell you

          1. Ibrahim engaged in academic fraud regarding the collection of his holotype
          2. Ibrahim's holotype is currently considered a chimera.

          so no. Glowies are NOT trying to convince you that's a real viable animal. In fact they've gone out of their way to say it's not. But you won't listen. You'd rather be mad than right.

          Ibrahim's Spino is clearly fricking moronic. That's all the evidence anyone needs. If his reconstruction is correct, the animal would be no more capable of walking than a seal. May as well bring back elephant seal spino at that point.

          The fact people are even engaging this moron still is probably a bad idea. Hopefully he'll get bored if his threads start dying

          You're going to have to deal with a truth at some point in you miserable reddit life: not everyone who disagrees with you is the same person. I know you're whining about me, but I'm not the OP of this thread or half the others. People like dinosaurs. And my efforts are having their intended effect: people are realizing you've been lying to them.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >those with eyes who understand anatomy
            you have the anatomical knowledge of a 5 year old. A moronic 5 year old.

            That's another reason I love your posts. How do you memorize entire books on phylogeny and still not understand the most basic of ideas about anatomy? Usually idiot savants like you do fine with anatomy since it's just memorization.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            >If his reconstruction is correct, the animal would be no more capable of walking than a seal
            Is this based on any biomechanics or is it just because you looked at picture and went "nah not possible"? There are birds that can walk with short legs and extremely front heavy skeletons so you can't say that without the data to back it up

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              >Is this based on any biomechanics
              not him but it would appear to true based on center of gravity problems, the legs being far too thin to support the weight, and the fact that Spinosaurus was missing most of its wrist bones, as is typical in theropods.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              >There are birds that can walk with short legs and extremely front heavy skeletons
              They do this by adopting a more upright posture that puts the front weight over the hips.

              this is impossible to do with short legs and a huge tail that would smush directly into the dirt.

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I forget what species but there's some bird that rarely lands and tries to walk with its legs so far back in a horizontal position rather than upright. Also couldn't it simply pull a ye olde tripod pose

              • 2 years ago
                Anonymous

                I think the problem with the tripod is the same one other theropods have-
                the first couple caudal verts are fused to the synsacrum so they can't bend, and the ones after that apparently weren't flexible enough to pull it off.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >Thread is a bunch of people telling you you're moronic for making such a statement based on dogshit reasoning and basically no evidence
        He's probably right though.

        As far as I know, the idea that theropods had lips to keep the enamel of their teeth from cracking was published in a blog, and has not been published in any white paper.

        There's no evidence they lacked lips, but there's also no evidence they had them.

        more importantly, the reason paleontologists probably refuse to publish the idea even if they agree with it is because
        1. theropods constantly broke their teeth, indicating if they had lips they weren't really working to protect teeth from breakage.
        2. theropods constantly replaced their teeth, indicating again that lips weren't working to protect them.

        this isn't conclusive evidence or anything. It just makes the whole lip idea shaky enough that people won't publish it.

        or to simplify,

        we once again have the general public and artistic community running with an idea that paleontologists aren't confident enough about to actually publish.

        see also, feathered rex, scavenger rex, nonpronating raptor hands, etc.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          And paleontologists love this, because this way they get their quack ideas out into the public consciousness without putting their own professional reputations on the line. They know something like scavenger rex can never be actually tested, so instead of having to write a paper they just plant a seed and stir the pot and let the public make their dumb idea go viral.
          That way they can always fall back on "wtf bro we never published anything saying this though" when the pushback inevitably (deservedly) starts.

          • 2 years ago
            Anonymous

            the result of letting liberal and schizoid midwits into the softer sciences that they were smart enough to get degrees in. colleges are full of junk courses that let these "people" pad out their degrees when back in the day the "useless" courses were legitimately difficult and were a hard filter for such subhumans as aspergers patients that don't belong in academia or anywhere near the upper crust of society where they might breed. Now you have things like womens studies where agreeing with the instructor is an instant 4.0.

            https://i.imgur.com/kH0n2Y9.jpg

            paleogays can be really fricking stupid sometimes

            >this is related to this so the unknown trait of this must actually be just like the known analogous trait of this!
            I found a mummy of a dog but only a skeleton of a wolf. Therefore, I will declare that wolves had floppy ears and coats with clearly separated colors!

            Also, I only found hairless elephant integument so I will deny that any proboscideans could have had fur. After all, the "evidence" of fur came from a country that I am strongly racist against and obviously if the african elephant had no fur (no found integument had a single discernible fiber) the mammoth couldn't have either. Do glowies just want us to believe an animal lost a useful trait entirely? Lol.

            What is modern paleontology even like? How does one become a paleontologist nowadays? What do they even do? Are they all doing digs? There can only be so many undiscovered bones...
            Can I be a paleontologist? I promise I'm smart.

            • 2 years ago
              Anonymous

              usually modern paleontology consists of studying thin sections of marine sediments under a binocular microscope to identify foram tests and diatoms for oil companies. Biostratigraphy.

              If you insist on going into useless paleontology like dinosaurs, you need to complete a 4 year BS degree which frankly nobody here is smart enough to pass. Then you do another couple years for a completely useless MS degree or another 4 years for a PhD. After that you do post doctorate studies for another 20 years at no pay waiting for your professor to die so you can apply for his job.

              during that time you publish 5-10 papers as a co-author for your professor. In which he gets the credit and money and you do all the work.

              at the end of the day you get a mediocre salary teaching your craft to other kids, and you get fame among a certain class of sexless autistic men that honestly pays no dividends whatsoever.

              and you get homosexuals like OP who hate you for doing something they're not capable of.

    • 2 years ago
      Anonymous

      This whole pronation thing seems like a big misunderstanding. I think that one guy is trying to say that most theropods couldn’t fold their arms to the extreme extent that most birds could reach today and that their wrists did have limited side to side movement as seen in the picture here which I agree with. It also isn’t pronation. Pronation is the act of twisting the radius over top of the ulna to make your palm face down which I think we can all agree theropods couldn’t do.
      Pic related is a example of how far different dinosaurs could fold their arms and keep in mind some of these positions wouldn’t have been comfortable or their natural resting position.

      • 2 years ago
        Anonymous

        >Pronation is the act of twisting the radius over top of the ulna
        No it isn't. That's the extremely specific version of pronation that refers to humans. The word "pronation" literally just means in a face down position. That's all it means. Period.

        Also if you think Theropods held their hands like those in that image, you are a literal fricking moron. The Allosaurus is the least moronic and every single finger is facing a different direction.

        >now. Avemetatarsalia is a myth. It doesn't exist.
        Ornithodira is better for you?

        Pterosaurs are not that closely related to dinosaurs. And morons that believe this may as well just start calling pterosaurs dinosaurs, since you keep nesting them closer to dinosaurs than literal dinosaurs like Silesaurids or dinosaur ancestors (or perhaps even the earliest dinosaurs) like Aphanosaurs. There are so many traits Pterosaurs DO NOT share with Dinosaurs it's moronic. And that's before you even bring up the fact that they were already flying when Dinosaurs were learning to walk upright.

        • 2 years ago
          Anonymous

          >every single finger is facing a different direction
          Its not. They're all facing the forwards at an angle, the reason they look like they're twisting in different directions is because they're trying to show the curve of the claws

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